Document Type : Comprehensive review article
Authors
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University
2
Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
3
Botany and microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University
4
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University,
Abstract
In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923) pioneered X-ray imaging, which revolutionized medical diagnosis
and modern healthcare. X-ray imaging's fundamentals, therapeutic uses, technology advances, and future directions are
examined in detail. X-rays contrast bone and soft tissues by attenuation, absorption, and scattering. X-ray medical usage. In
diagnostic radiography, it is best for fracture diagnosis, chest pathology, including pneumonia, lung cancer, and dental
checks. Angiography, catheter insertion, and GI (gastrointestinal issues) diagnostics benefit from real-time dynamic
fluoroscopy. Early breast cancer detection is improved by mammography, especially DBT (Digital breast tomosynthesis).
Cross-sectional X-ray imaging using multi-slice contrast-enhanced CT (Computed Tomography). Fast, inexpensive, noninvasive, good spatial resolution for osseous structures, and widely available in healthcare, X-ray imaging. These benefits are
negated by ionizing radiation dangers (requiring rigorous ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) standards), worse
soft-tissue contrast compared to MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or ultrasound, limited 3D visualization without CT, and
technical challenges in obese or anatomically complex patients. Technological advances alter X-rays. Digital radiography has
enhanced image quality, workflow efficiency, and fracture and pneumonia screening accuracy using AI. Low-dose imaging,
especially in kids, and portable critical care point-of-care technology advances. Photon-counting CT, phase-contrast imaging,
and dark-field X-rays will depict soft tissues like never before, while AI (Artificial Intelligence) will speed up and improve
diagnosis. Reduced doses optimize X-ray risk-benefit ratios. X-rays' efficiency, accessibility, and diagnostic ability make
them crucial in medicine, even as other imaging technologies emerge. This study emphasizes the necessity for ongoing
innovation to overcome limitations and preserve precision medicine benefits. X-ray imaging will remain vital to medical
diagnostics with improved technology and safety precautions.
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